Solons Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens

First coming to prominence (c. 600 B.C.) for his patriotic exhortations when Athens was fighting a war against Megara for possession of Salamis, Solon was elected  eponymous archon  in 594/3 B.C. and perhaps, again, about 20 years later. Solon faced the daunting task of improving the condition of: debt-ridden farmerslaborers forced into bondage over debt, andthe middle classes who were excluded from government, while not alienating the increasingly wealthy landowners and aristocracy. Because of his reforming compromises and other legislation, posterity refers to him as Solon the lawgiver.   Such power I gave the people as might do, Abridged not what they had, now lavished new. Those that were great in wealth and high in place, My counsel likewise kept from all disgrace. Before them both I held my shield of might, And let not either touch the others right.- Plutarchs Life of Solon The Great Divide Between Rich and Poor in Athens In the 8th century B.C., rich farmers began exporting their goods: olive oil and wine. Such cash crops required an expensive initial investment. The poorer farmer was more limited in choice of crop, but he still could have continued to eke out a living, if only he had either rotated his crops or let his fields lie fallow. Slavery When land was mortgaged, hektemoroi (stone markers) were placed on the land to show the amount of debt. During the 7th century, these markers proliferated. The poorer wheat farmers lost their land. Laborers were free men who paid out 1/6th of all they produced. In the years of poor harvests, this wasnt enough to survive. To feed themselves and their families, laborers put up their bodies as collateral to borrow from their employers. Exorbitant interest plus living on less than 5/6ths of what was produced made it impossible to repay loans. Free men were being sold into slavery. At the point at which a tyrant or revolt seemed likely, the Athenians appointed Solon to mediate. Relief in the Form of Solon Solon, a lyric poet, and the first Athenian literary figure whose name we know, came from an aristocratic family which traced its ancestry back 10 generations to Hercules, according to Plutarch. Aristocratic beginnings did not prevent him from fearing that someone of his class would try to become tyrant. In his reform measures, he pleased neither the revolutionaries who wanted the land redistributed nor the landowners who wanted to keep all their property intact. Instead, he instituted the seisachtheia by which he canceled all pledges where a mans freedom had been given as guarantee, freed all debtors from bondage, made it illegal to enslave debtors, and put a limit on the amount of land an individual could own. Plutarch records Solons own words about his actions: The mortgage-stones that covered her, by me Removed, -- the land that was a slave is free;that some who had been seized for their debts he had brought back from other countries, where-- so far their lot to roam, They had forgot the language of their home;and some he had set at liberty, --Who here in shameful servitude were held. More on the Laws of Solon Solons laws do not appear to have been systematic, but provided regulations in the areas of politics, religion, public and private life (including marriage, burial, and the use of springs and wells), civil and criminal life, commerce (including a prohibition on export of all Attic produce except olive oil, although Solon encouraged the export of artisans work), agriculture, sumptuary regulation and discipline. Sickinger estimates there were between 16 and 21 axones that may have contained 36,000 characters total (minimum). These legal records may have been placed in the Boulouterion, Stoa Basileios, and the Acropolis. Although these places would have made them accessible to the public, how many people were literate is not known.   Sources: J.B. Bury. A History of GreecePlutarchs Life of SolonRichard Hookers (wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM)  Ancient Greece: AthensJohn Porters SolonUniversity of Keeles Classics Departments  Athenian Democracy  (www.keele.ac.uk/depts/cl/iahcla~7.htm - accessed 01/02/2000)History of Greece Vol II, by George Grote (1872).

Segregation Within The Housing Market - 843 Words

When people talk about racism throughout modern society, a question that emerges is â€Å"How does modern racism influence residency and neighborhoods in economic and political viewpoints?† Some argue that segregation within the housing market has been a devastating, long-term, issue for African Americans as a result of racial zoning due to income along with race, while others believe that the United States has indeed enforced policies to prevent blacks from obtaining and maintaining wealth to merge with white communities. My own view is that there is not an individual economic or political reason to link the issue of residential segregation, but a combination of both working with one another to promote this notion of residential segregation. Evidence to support my claim include an understanding of what racism actually is, either systematic, institutional, or prejudice throughout modern society. Then, racism understood throughout the housing market with political and economic support. Furthermore, what racial zoning is and its effect on neighborhood value, such as economics, politics and education. Finally, historic evidence and witness accounts to support residential segregation, and opinions on the matter. In Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s book, Racism without Racists : Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, his book serves as a focus on racial inequality which persists throughout the U.S, as very few white Americans would â€Å"claim to beShow MoreRelatedUrban Segregation And Its Effects On Residential Preferences Shaped By Liberal Market Forces And National Identity890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe topic of â€Å"inherited residential segregation patterns† (Leetmaa) among ethnic groups in post-communist Tartu, Estonia within the context of immigration policies implemented during the Soviet communist era. 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Competitive Strategy Goals and Objectives

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Goals and Objectives. Answer: Introduction: Strategy is wrongly anticipated with the term tactics, goals and objectives. Strategy is used to demonstrate acumen of a business (Walker and Madsen 2016). The leader generally formulates strategy as he has a better orchestration and vision of the future. This makes the leader different from the field commander and he coordinates all the necessary commanders for a particular goal to be achieved. He may sacrifice some of his commander when necessary for achieving a particular goal (Rothaermal 2015). The formulation of a good strategy is based on the following question. If these questions are having prolific answers then the company will be achieving success in terms of strategy. The company should have a good idea in choosing a market to compete. The company should have clear knowledge on the unique value it provides to the customer. They should provide some customization, styling and reliability on the products and services to gain faith and attract the customers (Bamberger, Biron an d Meshoulam 2014). The company should be confident enough on the resource and the capabilities they utilize. They should have exceptional human capital, superior technology, trusted network connections and an unique reputation in the market. They should have the capability in incepting the moves and weakness of the rivals (Bamberger, Biron and Meshoulam 2014). The company should have the knowledge about their ability to sustain and providing unique value in the market. According to Henry Mitzberg strategy is classified into three sub ordinates Intended Strategy, Emergent Strategy and Realized Strategy. Intended Strategy is the strategy that has been planned before the execution of the plan. Emergent Strategy is the outcome of the executed strategy after the plan has been implemented. Real Strategy is the strategy that emerges out and it may not be the same as intended strategy. Strategy is dependent on the staging and timing. The execution of plan in an inappropriate time may lead t o the falling of the strategies. Ethan Allen a company in furniture retail sector, the company started business from United States and is now globally established. The company is successful to a certain extent but has failed to implement certain strategies, which IKEA, a company in the same sector has successfully applied. IKEA focused on selling inexpensive, contemporary furniture that became famous globally (Wenzel and Forster 2013). Ethan Allen though has made a good job in choosing a market. They should include some unique value. The unique value should include a fun and low-pressure showroom where order fulfillment is a medium and is done with great ease. The company should focus on selling inexpensive and stylish furniture with the help of excellent design capabilities. Products are designed to be manufactured by suppliers with the help of mass production technique. The shifting of product is done by flat box method, which requires final assembling done by the final customer. The inclusion of this technique he lps in reducing the shipping cost (Levinson 2016). Therefore, the company could manufacture a huge volume of the product and shipped it round the globe. A complex interdependence of the strategy should be adopted so that the competitors find it difficult to imitate. The incorporation of this strategy would bound the competitors to change the design, manufacture and shipment, which would be impossible. The company should not compete on the high-end furniture business. They should not use high level of service for customization to the customer. They should be responsible for designing the product and not manufacturing it. Pankaj Ghemawat: CAGE framework to evaluate international trade opportunities Pankaj Ghemawat is an international strategic frame worker who developed the concept o CAGE framework. This framework provided an innovative way for the businesses to compute countries in regards of distance. The distance mentioned in the CAGE framework does not defines the physical geography but also defines the cultural, administrative and the economic distance between the concerned countries. The term CAGE stands for Cultural Administrative Geographical and Economical distance that should be analyzed before a company wants a global establishment. The cultural distance is the most puzzling situation faced by the manager at the time of constructing the framework. It has to deal with the probable dissimilarity that exists in different country. The manager has to observe certain values and behaviours that differ from one country to the other. The different cultural influences are recorded on the dimensions of power distance, avoiding uncertainty, predominant values, long and short ter m orientation and individualism (Ghemawat 2013). The Administrative distance is based on the political and official associations. It also includes the history of the countries. Administrative facet helps the trading partners to research about the historical as well as the current factors that has the ability for favoring or threatening the business relationship with the market of the country in future. Establishing the practice of trade between two countries could be considerably affected due to laws and regulations. As laws and regulations have the potential to affect fundamental practice of business therefore, they also have the ability to affect the competitive positions that the firm achieved through continuous hard work. The Geographic Distance deals with the difference of the volume of the country, climate, transport and information networks of the concerned countries. The advance technology has reduced the distance, time of transport. Technology has also eliminated the barrie r caused by geographic distance with the invention of digital services. The Economic Distance deals with the differences created due to income, wealth distribution and the power of purchasing a segment in terms of a geographic market. The economic distance creates great disturbances since the economic condition of one country is not same that of the other. Therefore, a product, which has a good selling record in one country, might has the poor record in another country (Ghemawat and Altman 2016). The application of CAGE framework needs to consider the facts like the distance of the company in terms of location from the home market to the foreign market and the cultural difference. It is also implemented in marking the institutional differences. The markets in emerging stage face great differences as many countries are devoid of specialized intermediaries. The lacking of special intermediaries is defined as institutional voids. Considering stage of McDonald when tried to take an entry in the Russian Market faced institutional void. The institutional void they faced was they failed to found adequate amount of local suppliers who has the capability to supply the food product they needed (Genna and Mayer-Foulkes 2013). McDonald in United States adapts outsourcing operation of supply chain management. In Russia they decided for a joint venture partner to overcome the voids. The company started importing cattle from Netherlands, potatoes from U.S. , specialist in agriculture from C anada for improving the management practices of Russia. They also funded the farmers for getting better seeds and tools. McDonald establishing supply chain management systems of its own and it controlled 80% of the food market in Russia by the end of 2010. Reference List Bamberger, P.A., Biron, M. and Meshoulam, I., 2014.Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Genna, G.M. and Mayer-Foulkes, D.A., 2013.North American Integration: An Institutional Void in Migration, Security and Development(Vol. 8). Routledge. Ghemawat, P. and Altman, S.A., 2016. 11 Economic Distance and the Big Shift to Emerging Economies.The Laws of Globalization and Business Applications, p.358. Ghemawat, P., 2013.Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. Levinson, M., 2016.The box: how the shipping container made the world smaller and the world economy bigger. Princeton University Press. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Walker, G. and Madsen, T.L., 2016.Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill Education. Wenzel, H. and Frster, A., 2013. Blue Ocean Strategy. How IKEA created a new market.

The Poison Apples Cheese Wheel free essay sample

The Poison Apples Cheese Wheel The Poison Apples is a band from Beverly, Massaschusetts that has only recently gotten the recognition they deserve, perhaps due to the release of their first album, Cheese Wheel. The band formed in 1990 when singer Norman, 21 (he says that he, and the rest of the band, dont have last names), teamed up with 21-year-old classmate Eric, who was teaching himself to play bass. They asked long-time friend Cloud, to play guitar. Drummer Ed, now 18, joined in 1991. He was only sixteen. But lets get back to the music its nothing short of spectacular. Despite their creative album and song titles (Courageous in My Bathtub, Dottie, Im an Enigma, etc.), they are not another wannabe alternative band. They describe their music as Rock. Just rock. We dont believe in things like labels or frills. Ed wrote most of the songs on the 14-track album. We will write a custom essay sample on The Poison Apples Cheese Wheel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His lyrics are typical of any ;;;;;18-year-old male. Take the song Chewy, for example: I know you want it/on a napkin/ I know you want it/In your hand/But I lost my telephone number/I know youll never understand. His lyrics reveal a lot about his personality. Norman wrote the only ballad on the album, a haunting melody he calls Fission: We come together/But we always split apart/Just like an atom/Youre always in my heart. The Poison Apples is a band way beyond their time. They take ordinary melodies and blend them to get a song that is original and expressive. They dont take it too seriously, according to the lyrics on the albums closing tack Walk with me: Im just a boy at heart/I still like to play/When life starts to get me down/I just run away/Im better, better than you/I dont know how to be sad/Happiness is sunshine/This is all a fad. . Review by S. H., Groveland, MA